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Time slice from 23 to 25ns. This last slice is now almost all blank, but a few of the walls are still revealing highly.

How deep are these slices? The software I have access to makes estimating the depth a little difficult. If, however, the top three slices represent the ploughsoil, which is probably about 30cm think, I would think that each slice is about 10cm and we are only coming down about 80cm in overall.

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Luckily for us, most of the websites we have an interest in lie just below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other techniques? Comparison of the Earth Resistance information (leading left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time slice (top right) and the 1921ns time piece (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as discussed above, is a passive strategy determining local variations in magnetism versus a localised zero value. Magnetic vulnerability study is an active method: it is a procedure of how magnetic a sample of sediment could be in the existence of a magnetic field. How much soil is tested depends upon the size of the test coil: it can be extremely small or it can be fairly large.

The sensing unit in this case is really small and samples a small sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic susceptibility meter with a big "field coil" in usage at Verulamium during the course in 2013. Leading soil will be magnetically boosted compared to subsoils just due to natural oxidation and decrease.

By measuring magnetic susceptibility at a fairly coarse scale, we can discover locations of human occupation and middens. Unfortunately, we do not have access to a trusted mag sus meter, but Jarrod Burks (who helped teach at the course in 2013) has some exceptional examples. One of which is the Wildcat website in Ohio.

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These villages are typically laid out around a central open location or plaza, such as this reconstructed example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. Sunwatch Village, Dayton, Ohio (picture: Jarrod Burks). At the Wildcat site, the magnetometer survey had located a range of functions and houses. The magnetic vulnerability survey assisted, however, define the primary location of profession and midden which surrounded the more open area.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic vulnerability survey arises from the Wildcat website, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The method is therefore of great use in defining areas of basic profession rather than determining particular features.

Geophysical surveying is a used branch of geophysics, which uses seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic physical methods at the Earth's surface area to measure the physical properties of the subsurface - Geophysical Survey - Archaeological Research Services Ltd in Shoalwater Oz 2021. Geophysical surveying approaches usually determine these geophysical homes together with abnormalities in order to examine numerous subsurface conditions such as the existence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, spaces and cavities, and much more.